The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur. The combined forces fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines led by General Tomoyuki Yamashita. The operation, codenamed King Two, launched the Philippines campaign of 1944–45 for the recapture and liberation of the entire Philippine Archipelago and to end almost three years of Japanese occupation.
Background
Japan had conquered the Philippines in 1942. Controlling it was vital for Japan's survival in World War II because it secured sea routes to Borneo and Sumatra in which rubber and petroleum were shipped to Japan.
For the U.S., capturing the Philippines was a key strategic step in isolating Imperial Japan's military holdings in China and the Pacific theater. It was also a personal matter of pride for MacArthur. In 1942, just a month before Japan forced the surrender of all USAFFE forces in the Philippines, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had ordered MacArthur to leave the Philippines and organize the U.S. forces gathering in Australia, which were meant to relieve the USAFFE. Those relief forces were non-existent; Roosevelt's true intentions in ordering MacArthur to flee the Philippines had been to prevent his capture by the Japanese. Still, MacArthur had vowed that he would return to the Philippines. He repeatedly stated that it was a moral obligation of the U.S. to liberate the Philippines as soon as possible. In March 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered MacArthur to plan an attack on the southern Philippines by the end of the year, and Luzon in early 1945. In July 1944, Roosevelt met with MacArthur and Chester Nimitz in Hawaii, where the decision was made to invade the Philippines, from which land air bases could be used for the Pacific Theater of Operations.
Over the summer of 1944, planes from the aircraft carriers of the U.S. 3rd Fleet under Admiral William F. Halsey carried out several successful missions over the Philippines and found weak Japanese resistance. Halsey then recommended a direct strike on Leyte, canceling other planned operations, and the Leyte invasion date moved forward to October.
Leyte, facing the Pacific Ocean, has numerous deep-water approaches and sandy beaches which offered opportunities for amphibious assaults and fast resupply. The roads extend inland with Highway 1, that runs for 40 mi (64 km) along the east coast between Abuyog town to the north and the San Juanico Strait between Leyte and Samar Islands, providing avenues for tank-infantry operations, as well as suitable ground for airfield construction. American air forces based on Leyte could strike at enemy bases and airfields anywhere in the Philippines.
A heavily forested mountain range dominates the interior and separates two plains. The larger Leyte Valley extends from the northern coast to the long eastern shore and contains most of the towns and roadways on the island. The other, Ormoc Valley, situated on the west side, was connected to Leyte Valley by Highway 2 running from Palo town on the east coast, then west and then south through Leyte Valley to Ormoc bay, then along the western shore to Baybay. The road then turned east to cross the mountainous interior and connected it with Highway 1 on the east coast at Abuyog. South of these towns, the mountainous southern third of Leyte was mostly undeveloped. High mountain peaks over 4,400 ft (1,300 m), as well as the jagged karst formations of the island offered formidable defensive opportunities. The timing late in the year forced combat troops and supporting pilots, as well as logistical units, to contend with monsoon rains.
Leyte's population of over 900,000 people—mostly farmers and fishermen—could be expected to assist an American invasion, since many residents already supported the guerrilla struggle against the Japanese. Japanese troop strength on Leyte was estimated by U.S. intelligence at 20,000; mostly of the 16th Division under Lieutenant General Shiro Makino.
Commanders and units
United States
Southwest Pacific Area
General Douglas MacArthur in light cruiser Nashville
Ground forces
US Sixth Army
Lieutenant General Walter Krueger
Approx. 202,500 total officers and enlisted
Northern landing area
X Army Corps
Lieutenant General Franklin C. Sibert
Left: 24th Infantry ("Taro") Division
Right: 1st Cavalry Division
Southern landing area
XXIV Army Corps
Lieutenant General John R. Hodge
Left: 7th Infantry ("Bayonet") Division
Right: 96th Infantry ("Deadeye") Division
Reserve: 11th Airborne ("Angels") Division
Reserves
Landed 14 Nov: 32nd Infantry ("Red Arrow") Division
Landed 23 Nov: 77th Infantry ("Statue of Liberty") Division
Naval and air forces
US Seventh Fleet
Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid in amphibious command ship Wasatch
Central Philippines Attack Force (Task Force 77)
Vice Admiral Kinkaid
Northern Attack Force (Task Force 78)
Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey in amphibious command ship Blue Ridge
Embarking Maj. Gen. Franklin C. Sibert's X Army Corps
Southern Attack Force (Task Force 79)
Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson in amphibious command ship Mount Olympus
Embarking Maj. Gen. John R. Hodge's XXIV Army Corps
Allied Air Forces
Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, USAAF
Fifth Air Force
Thirteenth Air Force
Japan
Southern Army (Southeast Asia)
Field Marshal Count Hisaichi Terauchi at Manila
Fourteenth Area Army
General Tomoyuki Yamashita
Thirty-Fifth Army
Lieutenant General Sosaku Suzuki
Leyte Defense Forces
16th Division
Lieutenant General Shiro Makino
Air Forces
Fourth Air Army at Manila
IJN Fifth Base Air Force under on Formosa
Battle
Landings
Preliminary operations for the Leyte invasion began at dawn on 17 October 1944, with minesweeping tasks and the movement of the 6th Rangers toward three small islands in Leyte Gulf. Although delayed by a storm, the Rangers were on Suluan and Dinagat islands by 08:05 am. On Suluan, they dispersed a small group of Japanese defenders and destroyed a radio station, while they found Dinagat unoccupied. The third island, Homonhon, was taken without any opposition the next day. On Dinagat and Homonhon, the Rangers proceeded to erect navigation lights for the amphibious transports to follow. Meanwhile, reconnaissance by underwater demolition teams revealed clear landing beaches for assault troops on Leyte. Independently, the 21st Infantry Regiment on 20 October landed on Panaon Strait to control the entrance to Sogod Bay.